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funerary hatchment
A funerary hatchment is a depiction within a black lozenge-shaped frame, generally on a black (''sable'') background, of a deceased's heraldic achievement, that is to say the escutcheon showing the arms, together with the crest and supporters of his family or person. Regimental Colours and other military or naval emblems are sometimes placed behind the arms of military or naval officers. Such funerary hatchments, generally therefore restricted in use to members of the nobility or armigerous gentry, used to be hung on the wall of a deceased person's house, and were later transferred to the parish church, often within the family chapel therein which appertained to the manor house, the family occupying which, generally being lord of the manor, generally held the advowson of the church. In Germany, the approximate equivalent is a , literally "death shield".
==Etymology==
"Hatchment" is s a corruption (through such historic forms as ''atcheament, achement, hathement'', etc.) of the French ''achevèment'',〔Collins Dictionary of the English Language, London, 1986〕 from the verb ''achever'', a contraction of ''a chef venir'' ("to come to a head"), ultimately from Latin ''ad caput venire'', "to come to a head",〔Larousse Dictionnaire de la Langue Francaise, Paris, 1979: "lat. pop. ''capum'', class. ''caput''〕 thus to reach a conclusion, accomplish, achieve. The word in its historical usage is thus identical in meaning and origin to the English heraldic term achievement. However in recent years the word "hatchment" has come to be used almost exclusively to denote "funerary hatchment", whilst "achievement" is now used in place of "hatchment" in a non-funereal context. An example of the historic use of "hatchment" in a non-funerary context is in the statute of the Order of the Garter laid down by King Henry VIII (1509-1547) concerning the regulation of Garter stall plates:〔Round, J. Horace, Family Origins and Other Studies, Page, William, (ed.), London, 1930, pp.174-189, The Garter Plates and Peerage Styles, p.174〕
"It is agreed that every knyght within the yere of his stallation shall cause to be made a scauchon of his armes and hachementis in a plate of metall suche as shall please him and that it shall be surely sett upon the back of his stall".
The word appears in Shakespeare's play ''Hamlet'' (1599/1602): Laertes laments that his dead father Polonius has "No trophy, sword or hatchment o'er his bones" (Act IV, Scene 5).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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